Ladle Shrouds

Connecting the ladle and the tundish, the ladle shroud's primary role is to prevent secondary oxidation and nitridation of molten steel during the transfer, minimize heat loss, and prevent splashing. Usually made of alumina-carbon (Al2O3-C) material, it offers excellent erosion resistance and outstanding thermal shock stability.

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Physical and Chemical Indicators

Item	Unit	Typical Value
Al₂O₃	%	45 - 55
C (Free Carbon)	%	25 - 33
Bulk Density	g/cm³	2.3 - 2.5
Apparent Porosity	%	≤ 16

Upper Nozzles

The upper nozzle is fixed inside the well block at the bottom of the ladle or tundish, positioned above the slide gate plate. It directly endures severe thermal shock and chemical erosion from high-temperature molten steel during pouring. It is usually made of high-strength alumina-carbon or corundum, with an inner core often compounded with high-purity zirconia to enhance erosion resistance and service life.

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Physical and Chemical Indicators

Item	Unit	Al-C Body	Zirconia Core
Al₂O₃	%	≥ 70	—
ZrO₂	%	—	≥ 93
C	%	3 - 5	—
Bulk Density	g/cm³	≥ 2.6	≥ 5.2
Cold Crushing Strength	MPa	≥ 60	≥ 100

Lower Nozzles

Installed below the slide gate plate, the lower nozzle directs the controlled flow of molten steel into the ladle shroud or mold. Due to frequent temperature fluctuations and severe steel flow abrasion, the lower nozzle is required to possess excellent thermal shock resistance and anti-spalling properties.

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Physical and Chemical Indicators

Item	Unit	Al-C Typical Value
Al₂O₃	%	≥ 65
C	%	5 - 10
Bulk Density	g/cm³	≥ 2.5
Apparent Porosity	%	≤ 18
Cold Crushing Strength	MPa	≥ 45

Metering Nozzles

Primarily used in tundishes for small billet continuous casting, metering nozzles precisely control the steel flow rate through a stable inner diameter. The inner core is made of high-purity zirconia, providing exceptional resistance to abrasion, high temperatures, and corrosion to prevent significant bore expansion during casting.

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Physical and Chemical Indicators

Item	Unit	ZrO2 75% Core	ZrO2 95% Core
ZrO₂	%	≥ 73	≥ 94
Bulk Density	g/cm³	≥ 4.5	≥ 5.4
Apparent Porosity	%	≤ 18	≤ 15

Submerged Entry Nozzles (SEN)

Installed at the bottom of the tundish, the SEN is partially submerged into the molten steel in the mold. It not only protects the steel from secondary oxidation but also ensures even distribution, controls the flow dynamics inside the mold, and promotes the flotation of inclusions. The main body is typically alumina-carbon, while the slag line area is reinforced with zirconia-carbon (ZrO2-C) to resist severe mold flux erosion.

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Physical and Chemical Indicators

Item	Unit	Body (Al2O3-C)	Slag Line (ZrO2-C)
Al₂O₃	%	50 - 55	—
ZrO₂	%	—	70 - 75
C	%	25 - 30	12 - 15
Bulk Density	g/cm³	≥ 2.30	≥ 3.50
Apparent Porosity	%	≤ 19	≤ 21

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